Climate, energy and foreign policy
We compare reviewed statements, proposals and older manifestos, rather than 29N manifesto promises. Support and opposition refer to the exact statement above each table. A gap does not mean neutrality or no position. Regional sources are marked as territorial context.
Method and limitsCars and pollution
Cities currently required to have low-emission zones should still have to keep them.
These are areas that restrict access for the most polluting vehicles.
| Party | Documented position |
|---|---|
| BNG | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesDa Silva supports retaining low-emission zones, seeking city-wide design without discrimination by income or vehicle label. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Coalición Canaria | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesSan Ginés supports the motion’s low-emission-zone measures, including continued funding, while rejecting its partisan preamble. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| EAJ-PNV | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesLópez Torre defends low-emission zones and making non-compliant cities liable for penalties, alongside electricity and transport investment. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| EH Bildu | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesBarakaldo branch statement on implementing the existing national statutory requirement. EH Bildu’s Barakaldo branch endorses implementing the national requirement for mobility plans and low-emission zones in towns above 50,000 residents, criticising the delay. This explicitly supports enforcing the existing national rule; it does not extrapolate a new local proposal across Spain. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| ERC | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesGaseni defends low-emission zones as necessary, seeking public transport and accessible support for lower-income households. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Junts | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesBagué supports the national motion defending low-emission zones, requesting specific funding, deadlines and respect for devolved management. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Podemos | Supports the proposal First observed: Explanation and sources2023 joint Murcia manifesto: implementation of the national law (historical reference). The joint Podemos, IU and Alianza Verde Murcia manifesto explicitly supports implementing the national low-emission-zone law and improving public transport to make it work. This cites endorsement of the national requirement without extrapolating its local tram plans across Spain. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| PP | Insufficient evidenceExplanation and sourcesAvailable sources do not establish support or opposition to this proposal. This does not mean the party is neutral. |
| PSOE | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesThe Socialist spokesperson rejects repeal of mandatory implementation and supports zones on public-health grounds. Support is established by his argument about the debated requirement, not the aggregate vote alone. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Sumar | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesWritten question by Sumar MPs in 2023 (historical reference). Boada and Badia ask the government to ensure compliance with the national low-emission-zone requirement. Their signed parliamentary question supports implementing that requirement and its health benefits. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| UPN | Insufficient evidence |
| VOX | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesThe national parliamentary group proposes revoking mandatory implementation of these zones. Opposes retaining this obligation; not extrapolated to all climate policy. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
Nuclear power plants
Existing nuclear power plants should be able to run for more years if the nuclear safety regulator approves.
| Party | Documented position |
|---|---|
| BNG | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesRego opposes extending nuclear operation and supports the planned shutdown, citing waste and accident risks. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Coalición Canaria | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesNuclear amendment: final provision 24 of Senate text BOCG 331-2923. Votes against the specific amendment removing shutdown dates for Almaraz, Ascó I and Cofrentes. This is the separate nuclear-provision vote, rather than a vote on the mobility bill as a whole. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| EAJ-PNV | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesSagastizabal supports the agreed phased shutdown and renewable replacement, criticising public costs of extensions and demanding support for affected workers. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| EH Bildu | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesRuiz de Pinedo opposes nuclear extensions and considers the planned shutdown essential, accompanied by a just transition. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| ERC | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesNuclear amendment: final provision 24 of Senate text BOCG 331-2923. Votes against the specific amendment removing shutdown dates for Almaraz, Ascó I and Cofrentes. This is the separate nuclear-provision vote, rather than a vote on the mobility bill as a whole. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Junts | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesPallarès supports delaying closures to secure supply and industrial competitiveness, conditional on a planned energy transition agreed with the territory. This is not unconditional support for every plant: she takes no position on Almaraz. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Podemos | Opposes the proposal First observed: Explanation and sourcesPodemos’s own 2024 European manifesto; policy for the EU and its member states. Proposes a roadmap to end nuclear fission power across the EU and manage its waste publicly. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| PP | Supports the proposal First observed: Explanation and sources2023 general-election manifesto (historical reference). Proposes extending existing plant lifetimes with Nuclear Safety Council approval. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| PSOE | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesSupports the agreed shutdown timetable through 2035, waste-management responsibility and a just transition for affected areas. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Sumar | Opposes the proposal First observed: Explanation and sources2023 general-election manifesto (historical reference). Retains the nuclear closure timetable and a moratorium on new initiatives, with safety and worker-transition measures. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| UPN | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesNuclear amendment: final provision 24 of Senate text BOCG 331-2923. Votes for the specific amendment removing shutdown dates for Almaraz, Ascó I and Cofrentes. This is the separate nuclear-provision vote, rather than a vote on the mobility bill as a whole. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| VOX | Supports the proposal First observed: Explanation and sources2023 general-election manifesto (historical reference). Proposes investment and longer lifetimes for nuclear plants, alongside new reactors. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
Defence spending
Spain should spend at least 2 out of every 100 euros produced by its economy on defence.
This is 2% of GDP. Agreeing does not imply supporting a higher percentage.
| Party | Documented position |
|---|---|
| BNG | Opposes the proposal First observed: Explanation and sources2023 general-election manifesto (historical reference). Proposes cancelling the commitment to raise military spending to 2% of GDP and reallocating resources. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Coalición Canaria | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesValido press conference reported by Servimedia. Valido supports accelerating the 2% commitment after meeting Sánchez. Servimedia reports her press conference; she seeks protection for social needs and security on the southern flank. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| EAJ-PNV | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesVaquero accepts the need for the 2% plan, requiring detailed funding, European coordination and no cuts to social provision. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| EH Bildu | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesAizpurua rejects the plan to raise military spending to 2% and argues for directing those resources to social needs. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| ERC | Opposes the proposal First observed: Explanation and sources2023 general-election manifesto (historical reference). Opposes rising military expenditure, explicitly discusses NATO’s 2% threshold and proposes demilitarisation and disarmament. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Junts | Insufficient evidence |
| Podemos | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesBelarra opposes raising military spending to meet the 2% requirement and prioritises public services; the speech’s economic estimates are the party’s claims. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| PP | Supports the proposal First observed: Explanation and sources2023 general-election manifesto (historical reference). The manifesto commits 2% of GDP to security and defence. This is the 2023 figure, not a claim about every subsequent NATO commitment. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| PSOE | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesSánchez presents and supports a plan to reach 2% of GDP in security and defence in 2025. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Sumar | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesOpposes setting rearmament targets through arbitrary GDP percentages, prioritising peace, European autonomy and social needs. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| UPN | Insufficient evidence |
| VOX | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesAsarta supports 2% of GDP as a defence spending floor and multi-year plans subject to parliamentary debate. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
Arms and Israel
Spain should stop buying and selling arms with Israel while the war in Gaza continues.
| Party | Documented position |
|---|---|
| BNG | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesSupports the arms embargo and seeks to close exceptions or improve controls; this does not establish an implemented embargo without exceptions. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Coalición Canaria | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesDirect statements to EFE on the arms embargo (2025); the full article received through the web reader is privately archived. Coalición Canaria directly confirmed to EFE support for the decree centred on banning arms purchases and sales with Israel, with the national-interest exceptions in its text. That support resulted in approval on 8 October 2025; this does not claim a ban without exceptions. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| EAJ-PNV | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesSupports the arms embargo and seeks to close exceptions or improve controls; this does not establish an implemented embargo without exceptions. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| EH Bildu | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesSupports the arms embargo and seeks to close exceptions or improve controls; this does not establish an implemented embargo without exceptions. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| ERC | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesRufián supports the decree’s embargo but considers it insufficient, seeking stronger measures to prevent arms reaching Israel. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Junts | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesDirect statements to EFE on the arms embargo (2025); the full article received through the web reader is privately archived. Junts directly confirmed to EFE support for the decree centred on banning arms purchases and sales with Israel, with the national-interest exceptions in its text. That support resulted in approval on 8 October 2025; this does not claim a ban without exceptions. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Podemos | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesBelarra calls for a real embargo, cancellation of contracts and removal of the cabinet exception. Criticism of the decree is not opposition to an embargo. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| PP | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesHispán opposes Spain independently imposing the proposed arms purchase and sales embargo on Israel. He calls for coordination with European partners and disputes its legal basis; this is not represented as opposition to every internationally agreed restriction. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| PSOE | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesAlbares supports banning arms imports and exports involving Israel. The decree retains a national-interest exception, so this is not an exception-free embargo. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| Sumar | Supports the proposalExplanation and sourcesSupports the arms embargo and seeks to close exceptions or improve controls; this does not establish an implemented embargo without exceptions. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |
| UPN | Insufficient evidence |
| VOX | Opposes the proposalExplanation and sourcesRejects the Israel embargo over its effects on security, industry and military cooperation. Reviewed: Read evidence and context |